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“电影必须适当遵循虚构的原则”

时间：2021-10-16 08:00:36阅读：71501次
当受邀担任电影《长津湖》历史顾问时，著名军旅作家王树增很感动。作为有50年军龄的老军人，王树增透露，自己的老部队就是从上甘岭下来的。参加长津湖战役战士防寒衣物都是不全的王树增曾著有《远东朝鲜战争》《解
长津湖
  • 长津湖
  • 历史 战争
  • 吴京 易烊千玺 段奕宏 朱亚文 李晨 韩东君 胡军 张涵予
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当受邀担任电影《长津湖》历史顾问时，著名军旅作家王树增很感动。作为有50年军龄的老军人，王树增透露，自己的老部队就是从上甘岭下来的。

参加长津湖战役战士

防寒衣物都是不全的

王树增曾著有《远东朝鲜战争》《解放战争》《1901》《长征》《抗日战争》《抗美援朝》等长篇纪实文学。他表示，这些作品属于非虚构类的文学领域，因此准备的时间比较长，需要大量研究史料，“要采访当事人，另外还要勘察战场等等，所以每一本原创书的写作时间大约都得七八年以上”。

反复研究档案后，王树增说了一个让他心惊的事实——长津湖战役中，在低温之下奔向盖马高原的战士们，基本上防寒衣物都是不全的。“虽然我们尽了最大努力为战士们准备御寒的衣物，但由于当时国力所限，加上美军的轰炸等原因，绝大部分战士们是没有领全的。由于军情紧张，我们的战士们义无反顾地扑向了盖马高原。”

艺术电影和军事片

属于两个美学范畴

《长津湖》是一部剧情故事片，而不是纪录片，如何保持真实与虚构之间的平衡，是创作者们必须考虑的一个重点。对此，王树增认为，电影必须有艺术加工，需要区分开艺术电影和纪录片、军事片、军教片的差别，这是两个美学范畴。如果两者混为一种创作原则和美学范畴，那其实会带来很多的问题。

例如经典电影《上甘岭》，王树增认为影片的历史背景是真实的，但影片的人物和情节设置，必须适当遵循虚构的原则，“不然的话它就不叫电影了。当然，影片里的人、事情、细节，都是要从历史当中去挖掘，最后编排进我们的影片当中。我想，这不光是国产战争片的一个基本的创作原则，也是全世界艺术电影的一个创作原则。”王树增还举例说，电影《血战钢锯岭》描写了太平洋战争的某一个瞬间，片中的人物和情节都是虚构的。

军事迷争论电影细节

“这种争论很正常”

《长津湖》公映后得到很多军事迷的关注。对于电影中的一些细节，军事迷们也不乏争论，王树增表示，“这种争论很正常。”

王树增认为，电影引起争论是好事，说明受关注。但是他想强调：一定要区分学术争论和艺术争论。“军事迷对我们的民族历史有相当深厚的感情，所以大家会争论某一个细节、某一场战斗，甚至某一场战斗当中的指挥员的名字、年龄、老家、家人什么样子的等等。还会争论,当时步枪是什么样子的，口径是多大的？钢盔是什么样子的，是德式的、日式的还是法式的？有这些对我们的民族历史注入了相当情感的青年，不是我们民族的幸事吗？”

与此同时，王树增也认为，争论也是有界限的，“如果咱们争论战史、军史，可以一点点来，但是艺术的领域不是我们争论战史、军史的范畴。如果说你用真实细节去套那些电影、小说，那么我们就没有争论的基础了。因为我们背离了一个原则——学术争论和艺术争论是两回事。”

在王树增看来，电影要审视的是作品有没有反映那个时代、当时的人，有没有体现当时的人的精神状态等，“希望这些军事迷用艺术的眼光来审视我们的艺术影片，用掌握的历史细节，在历史层面上帮助我们提升这部影片的精神价值，而不是考证价值。” 文/本报记者 肖扬

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